mesothelioma attorney law firm treatment symptoms weitz lawyer cancer lawsuit

If you decide to file a lawsuit, you remain in control of your case, but your mesothelioma attorney will gather evidence, file the claim, negotiate and go to court on your behalf.

A mesothelioma attorney will handle the majority of the work for your case, but there are things you can do to help with the process.

Because asbestos-related diseases have such a long period between exposure and diagnosis – sometimes as long as 50 years – related claims are best tackled by a qualified mesothelioma attorney.

Although many asbestos-related lawsuits result in settlements and jury verdicts that are favorable to mesothelioma patients and their families, it is impossible for an attorney to guarantee an outcome for a claim.

Your mesothelioma attorney will be available to answer your questions and keep you informed throughout the legal process.

Such a legal specialist not only has an understanding of the disease but also has the experience of the case process and how to investigate and evaluate a potential mesothelioma lawsuit.

Your asbestos attorney handles almost every aspect of the case, but keeping your own records and notes can help you remember details and follow the case process.

For people who have mesothelioma, pleural mesothelioma, asbestosis or another asbestos-related cancer, knowing how to hire the right attorney can make all the difference.

People who discover they are suffering from mesothelioma due to working with asbestos (or, if they are deceased, their spouse) have an excellent chance of achieving substantial money damages, either from the company that manufactured or installed the asbestos, or from an insurance company or asbestos victims' trust fund that has assumed liability for the company.

The exact amount depends on several factors, including whether a victims' trust fund places a cap on contingency fees (some allow no more than 25%), whether you settle out of court or go to trial, how much the lawyer wants your case (if the attorney believes your case is certain to win a big settlement or court judgment, you are in a much better bargaining position than if you are likely to receive a lower amount), and how hard you bargain before signing a fee agreement.

Most asbestos cases are settled before they ever get to a jury (meaning the parties agree outside of court to the amount of money damages the mesothelioma victim will get).

In addition to the size of the asbestos victims' compensation fund available for payment, each victim's particular mesothelioma illness and how it has affected their life is important to arriving at a cash settlement or jury verdict.

If you have gathered all the facts about your medical condition and employment history, and your lawyer runs an efficient office, and there is an easily identifiable payment source -- such as an insurance company or an asbestos victims' trust fund -- you may get your money in less than a year from the date your lawsuit is filed.

All of this being said, many mesothelioma cases result in settlement or awards in the range of $1 million to $5 million or more, but when attorneys' fees, court costs, and medical expenses are subtracted, victims often end up with around two-thirds of these amounts.

This means your lawyer charges you no fees up front, but instead receives a percentage of the eventual settlement or money damages you receive as the result of a court judgment, plus any expenses (for things like depositions, copying, and postage) that you agree to pay as part of a written fee agreement.

If a mesothelioma victim has already died, his or her spouse and other heirs typically have one to three years from the date of death to file a wrongful death action, which can also result in the recovery of substantial money damages.

If you've been exposed to asbestos and been diagnosed with mesothelioma, you may ask, "If I file a lawsuit can I expect to recover significant money damages?

These organizations support the mesothelioma community through a variety of programs that serve to raise awareness, fund ongoing research and assist asbestos disease victims in their fight against cancer. Wagner, J. C. , Sleggs, C. A. , and Marchand, Paul. “Diffuse Pleural Mesothelioma and Asbestos Exposure in the North Western Cape Province. ” Department of Thoracic Surgery: University of The Witswatersrand.

This section provides visual depictions of the types of mesothelioma that patients are most often diagnosed with, available treatment options, and the dangers associated with asbestos exposure.

A joint research venture through the Department of Thoracic Surgery at the University of the Witswater and Johannesburg General Hospital in South Africa provided the most compelling evidence of the nexus between asbestos exposure and the development of pleural mesothelioma.

Mesothelioma causes for diagnosis in women and children are mainly attributed to secondary exposure to asbestos, as it was not uncommon for men to bring asbestos back into the home on their body or clothing if proper cleaning facilities were not available on site.

We’ll rush you a complimentary mesothelioma and asbestos exposure information kit detailing new mesothelioma treatments, active clinical trials, top doctors, as well as how to obtain compensation for asbestos-related health conditions like mesothelioma.

Mesothelioma is primarily caused by exposure to asbestos, though cases have been documented in children or other individuals with no asbestos history.

In many cases, those individuals diagnosed with mesothelioma that have been known to be exposed to asbestos may be eligible for financial compensation from asbestos manufacturers for their illness.

Since 1999, the mesothelioma lawyers at Simmons Firm have recovered over $4 billion in verdicts and settlements for thousands of clients. * If you’re looking for an asbestos lawyer who understands your case and can help you get the compensation you deserve, learn more about the experienced team at the Simmons Law Firm.

If you or a loved one has been diagnosed with mesothelioma, contact an asbestos lawyer at Simmons Law Firm for more information and a free consultation. * Please note that recovery results vary per client.

Every asbestos attorney and mesothelioma lawyer at the Simmons Firm is committed to helping families affected by mesothelioma and asbestos-related diseases.

If you or a loved one has been diagnosed with mesothelioma, contact a mesothelioma lawyer at the Simmons Firm today for a free consultation with any mesothelioma questions – legal or otherwise – you may have.

Asbestos exposure is the cause of mesothelioma cancer in the overwhelming majority of cases (exceptionally rare causes of mesothelioma include: radiation utilizing thorium dioxide; exposure to zeolite, a mineral chemically related to asbestos; and simian virus 40, also known as SV40).

During the more than quarter-century since the firm started bringing asbestos companies to justice, Weitz & Luxenberg mesothelioma attorneys have won multiplied billions of dollars for men and women cut down in their prime by the scourge of mesothelioma.

Members of their households -- spouses, children, parents, anyone -- may also contract mesothelioma disease or one of the other asbestos cancers (such as any of six different smoker or non-smoker lung cancers) from asbestos particles and fibers unsuspectingly carried into the home on work clothes.

Yes, products containing asbestos can lead to the development of malignant mesothelioma. But which products?  On the list are: cement siding panels, vinyl tiles, drywall jointing materials, thermal spray, gaskets and brake pads.

Today, the law allows those with mesothelioma (and their families) to hold asbestos companies accountable for the harm -- a harm that each year claims the lives of approximately 3,000 people across the nation.

The one good piece of news in all this is that the risk of developing mesothelioma drops dramatically when protective breathing equipment -- respirators, for example -- are utilized around asbestos products.

Mesothelioma survivors often turn to the courts to compel the asbestos companies to pay for the ruinous cost of their mesothelioma treatment and to make up for all the wages lost as a result of being so sick that holding a job became an impossibility.

Mesothelioma patients also use the law to force asbestos companies to provide financial security for the family members who remain behind after the disease runs its fatal full course.

Asbestos Cancers: Did exposure to asbestos cause lung cancer or mesothelioma?

What scientists do know with certainty is that the time between asbestos exposure and the onset of mesothelioma can span decades.

Many patients are unaware they have developed mesothelioma or the severity of their condition as mesothelioma symptoms typically resemble symptoms of less serious illnesses and occur so long after the initial exposure.

A larger retrospective study of 1,690 mesothelioma patients found the median latency period to be 32 years, while an even larger 2006 Italian study of 5,173 mesothelioma patients reported an average latency of 43. 6 years.

Additionally, one Australian study found that 10 percent of all diffuse malignant peritoneal mesothelioma patients experienced short, mild seizures.

In a study of 13 peritoneal mesothelioma patients, 77 percent of participants developed ascites.

Abdominal pain is the first symptom that most peritoneal mesothelioma patients exhibit.

Typically, mesothelioma patients notice the first signs of their disease 30 to 50 years after they were first exposed to asbestos.

In one study, 69 percent of peritoneal mesothelioma patients lost weight.

A patient with mesothelioma usually begins showing symptoms 15 to 50 years after their exposure to asbestos.

Additionally, a high percentage of mesothelioma patients have other respiratory diseases and the onset of mesothelioma is often misinterpreted as a progression of an existing condition such as COPD.

Hypoglycemia has also been reported as a clinical feature of invasive mesothelioma, yet this primarily occurs in patients with rare localized fibrous mesothelioma.

This latency period is not significantly different between varying subtypes of mesothelioma, but some studies have noted a shorter latency period for peritoneal mesothelioma (20 to 30 years) than pleural mesothelioma.

Common early symptoms of mesothelioma include fatigue, coughing, shortness of breath and reduced respiratory function.

Patients may also note bowel obstruction very late in the progression of peritoneal mesothelioma.

If you have a history of asbestos exposure, the leading cause of mesothelioma, and believe you may be showing signs of mesothelioma, it is best to seek immediate medical advice.

The few available case reports on pericardial mesothelioma name difficulty breathing and chest pain as the symptoms of this subtype.

Testicular mesothelioma is incredibly rare, yet as more studies are conducted, additional symptoms may be revealed.

Most pleural mesothelioma symptoms affect the respiratory system.

The only consistent sign that has been presented by patients with testicular mesothelioma is a lump in the testes.

Peritoneal mesothelioma is also associated with a loss of appetite that often results in weight loss, abdominal distention/pelvic mass and abdominal hernias.

Not all mesothelioma symptoms are confined to the site where the cancer originates.

If the malignant mesothelioma is in one part of the chest lining, treatment will probably be surgery to remove the part of the chest lining with cancer and some of the tissue around it. Check for U. S. clinical trials from NCI's list of cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with localized malignant mesothelioma.

General information about clinical trials is available from the NCI Web site. Check for U. S. clinical trials from NCI's list of cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with recurrent malignant mesothelioma.

General information about clinical trials is available from the NCI Web site. Check for U. S. clinical trials from NCI's list of cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with advanced malignant mesothelioma.

Numerous a large number of homes over the United States hold the development material, asbestos. This is on the grounds that, most of the twentieth century, asbestos was remarkably respected for its insulating qualities. Accordingly the material might be found in the normal American home: the dividers, the tops, smokestacks, carpet and roof tiles, isolation material, ducting and warming frameworks. 

The point when left undisturbed asbestos is impeccably protected and there is no compelling reason to be frightened. In any case, if there is any harm or unsettling influence to asbestos, it can cause asbestos strands to get airborne. These strands may be come held up inside an unique's lungs. When held up these risky filaments can cause various life-debilitating diseases. Such strands are related to challenge as they don't appear in expected x-beams. 

The dangers of asbestos have been known for a respectable time of time. However numerous producers of development materials and superintendents kept on expoing mortgage holders and workers to the material. 

The ailments that are destined to influence those laid open to asbestos are asbestosis, mesothelioma, lung disease and unending obstructive pneumonic illness. These diseases and, specifically, mesothelioma is life-undermining as they can take numerous years to diagnose. Determination is just genuine conceivable once the side effects get evident. It is a characteristic of asbestos presentation that manifestations can take numerous years to show themselves. When side effects do get evident, it is frequently past the point of no return for the specialists to adequately treat the sufferer. That is not to say sufferers can't be dealt with yet medication is challenging. 

In the event that you or anybody you know have been laid open to asbestos, or have worked in the development business, you may have the capacity to document a claim against the individual or gathering answerable for your introduction. A mesothelioma law office can help you thus. Indexing a claim might be a specialized activity and in this way you may as well just think about selecting a firm of attorneys who have encounter in carrying such cases. A court may grant you payment for the presentation, there could be a recompense of hospital expenses, and further medicine costs.

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Forex, Oil and Gold Market Forecasts for 2014 - 1 -5

Eur/usd 

The EURUSD began 2013 simply above its real safety at 1.3000 and figured out how to scale to 1.3790 by the finish of January 2013, as the Fed chose to expand its month to month holding buys from $40 billion to $85 billion.  At the finish of the first quarter, the saving money emergency extended over the European nations and the single cash tumbled down to 1.2740, which was the yearly low for the pair. For a couple of months, the pair swung between additions and misfortunes and at the start of July wind up in a sorry situation at 1.2740, as Ben Bernanke advertised a trim to the possession buys throughout September. 

In spite of the Fed's report in regards to the QE program, the US economy battled to find a recuperation arrangement and the pair bounced back once more to additions preparing towards higher highs. What's more, the US shutdown throughout October helped the euro to acknowledge touching its most abnormal amount since November 2011 at 1.3838. The year closes with Fed decreasing its possession buys by 10 billion and anticipating that throughout 2014 we may see the pair dropping down, as the US economy may find a recuperation way and the European pioneers keep on strugging to find the equation to carry Europe to unfaltering development. 

Usd/jpy 

Shinzo Abe was chosen as the executive of Japan on 26 December 2012 and the Bank of Japan made proactive moves to control emptying in Japan. Towards the close of March, Abe selected Haruhiko Kuroda as the new Governor of the Bank of Japan. Not many weeks after the fact, Haruhiko Kuroda declared that the Boj might be acquiring securities and securities to twofold Japan's cash supply in two years. The aftereffect of the aforementioned movements was the deterioration of the Japanese yen. The USDJPY began the year right beneath the level of 86.00 and soar up to 103.72 until May 2013. On the other side of the Atlantic, the inconveniences inside the US economy helped the Japanese yen to pare some piece of past month misfortunes and the pair dropped over to 93.75 by June 2013. The pair changed for some time and after the determination of the US shutdown and the approbation of the US plan throughout October, the pair proceeded its rally towards higher highs. By the center of December 2013, the USDJPY figured out how to ascent up to 104.60 and recorded new highs since October 2008. The pair may proceed the bullish pattern throughout 2014, as the Boj is required to proceed the money related moving and on the other side the Fed may scale back its holding buys by the close of 2014. Projections demonstrate another high for the pair and we may see it scaling by the closure of 2014. 

WTI Oil 

2013 has been an astounding year for vigor costs with the two worldwide oil benchmarks narrowing their spread in the late summer. West Texas Intermediate (OIL), the US benchmark, began the year exchanging at 92.00 dollars for every barrel and accompanied a bullish rally until 112.20 in August. Most weight was made from a supply excess in Oklahoma US with the pipeline framework unable to process the obliged measures to fulfill request. New pipeline base conveyances since have helped simplicity supply contemplations and in the meantime, the US responsibility to decrease dependence on remote oil have helped it build its own particular vigor assets incorporating shale gas and more dependence on neighbouring Canada's tar sands. These improvements will incredibly decrease any future supply contemplations researching 2014. On the interest side, a healthier US economy may drive utilization of vigor higher as unemployment stabilises easier and modern creation gets. The later choice by the Fed to decrease quantitative moving by USD 10 billion for every month throughout 2014 may have an impact on things and other stake classes through and through, however the introductory response by business sectors pushed the US benchmark above 98.50 dollars. 

Brent Crude 

Brent Crude (BRT) rose to 119.00 dollars by February 2013 falling beneath 97.00 in April and finding again solid safety at the 117.00 dollar range. While worldwide interest remained moderately stifled, with drowsy development in Europe and a slight concealment of development rates from Asia, 2014 is relied upon to be an improved year for the worldwide economy, particularly as key European streamlined nations are gradually leaving the emergency and utilization in these nations begins to grab. In the following year China is required to surpass the US as the planet's biggest oil shopper which could further put some interest weight on the worldwide benchmark. Two significant occasions influenced supply in 2013 incorporating the demise of Venezuela's communist President Hugo Chavez, and the decision of another Iranian President, Hassan Rouhani. Iran and Venezuela are two of the planet's seven biggest oil processing countries and improvement in these nations throughout 2014 will have solid supply suggestions on the planet's oil costs. As the new Iran administration looks more primed to collaborate with western forces we may have a maneuvering of supply throughout the year, accelerating descending weight in the cost of Brent. 

Gold 

Gold (XAU) has had one of the most exceedingly bad years in its history in the wake of falling more than 500 dollars from last January. The valuable metal has been on the decay since late 2012 as the American economy began developing. While generally of 2013, moguls were needing a proclamation from the Fed that might put a close to QE 3; this finished not come until the finish of December. As the US cash supply is required to develop at a more modest rate throughout the following year, with 10 billion less included liquidity for every month, the dollar may acknowledge, pushing holding costs lower particularly on wares like gold which are not salary creating. 

On the supply side, no real interruptions in mining are expected and in spite of the fact that extraction expenses have developed in the course of recent years, these appear to have been pulled higher because of the higher cost of the merchandise on the open market as opposed to key expense increments. As we enter the new year, the 1000 dollar imprint will be a key mental level for the backing of gold and from that point on i

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Insurance policy FOR car AND life IN UK and USA " 3 Jan 2014 "

Most states require that excess line insurers submit financial information, articles of incorporation, a list of officers, and other general information. [27] They also may not write insurance that is typically available in the admitted market, do not participate in state guarantee funds (and therefore policyholders do not have any recourse through these funds if an insurer becomes insolvent and cannot pay claims), may pay higher taxes, only may write coverage for a risk if it has been rejected by three different admitted insurers, and only when the insurance producer placing the business has a surplus lines license. [27] Generally, when an excess line insurer writes a policy, it must, pursuant to state laws, provide disclosure to the policyholder that the policyholder's policy is being written by an excess line insurer.

Excess line insurance companies (also known as Excess and Surplus) typically insure risks not covered by the standard lines insurance market, due to a variety of reasons (e. g. , new entity or an entity that does not have an adequate loss history, an entity with unique risk characteristics, or an entity that has a loss history that does not fit the underwriting requirements of the standard lines insurance market). [27] They are typically referred to as non-admitted or unlicensed insurers. [27] Non-admitted insurers are generally not licensed or authorized in the states in which they write business, although they must be licensed or authorized in the state in which they are domiciled. [27] These companies have more flexibility and can react faster than standard line insurance companies because they are not required to file rates and forms. [27] However, they still have substantial regulatory requirements placed upon them.

In the European Union, the Third Non-Life Directive and the Third Life Directive, both passed in 1992 and effective 1994, created a single insurance market in Europe and allowed insurance companies to offer insurance anywhere in the EU (subject to permission from authority in the head office) and allowed insurance consumers to purchase insurance from any insurer in the EU. [34] As far as insurance in the United Kingdom, the Financial Services Authority took over insurance regulation from the General Insurance Standards Council in 2005;[35] laws passed include the Insurance Companies Act 1973 and another in 1982,[36] and reforms to warranty and other aspects under discussion as of 2012.

To reduce their own financial exposure, insurance companies have contractual clauses that mitigate their obligation to provide coverage if the insured engages in behavior that grossly magnifies their risk of loss or liability.

Generally, an insurance contract includes, at a minimum, the following elements: identification of participating parties (the insurer, the insured, the beneficiaries), the premium, the period of coverage, the particular loss event covered, the amount of coverage (i. e. , the amount to be paid to the insured or beneficiary in the event of a loss), and exclusions (events not covered).

For policies that are complicated, where claims may be complex, the insured may take out a separate insurance policy add on, called loss recovery insurance, which covers the cost of a public adjuster in the case of a claim.

While on the surface it appears the broker represents the buyer (not the insurance company), and typically counsels the buyer on appropriate coverage and policy limitations, in the vast majority of cases a broker's compensation comes in the form of a commission as a percentage of the insurance premium, creating a conflict of interest in that the broker's financial interest is tilted towards encouraging an insured to purchase more insurance than might be necessary at a higher price.

The advantages of whole life insurance are guaranteed death benefits, guaranteed cash values, fixed, predictable annual premiums and mortality and expense charges that will not reduce the cash value of the policy.

Life insurance (or commonly life assurance, especially in the Commonwealth) is a contract between an insured (insurance policy holder) and an insurer or assurer, where the insurer promises to pay a designated beneficiary a sum of money (the "benefits") in exchange for a premium, upon the death of the insured person.

Consequently, in a group of one thousand 25-year-old males with a $100,000 policy, all of average health, a life insurance company would have to collect approximately $50 a year from each participant to cover the relatively few expected claims. (0. 35 to 0. 66 expected deaths in each year x $100,000 payout per death = $35 per policy).

Joint life insurance is either a term or permanent policy insuring two or more persons with the proceeds payable on either the first or second death.

In at least one case, an insurance company which sold a policy to a purchaser with no insurable interest (who later murdered the CQV for the proceeds), was found liable in court for contributing to the wrongful death of the victim (Liberty National Life v. Weldon, 267 Ala. 171 (1957)).

In the case of life insurance, there is a possible motive to purchase a life insurance policy, particularly if the face value is substantial, and then murder the insured.

Another type of permanent insurance is Limited-pay life insurance, in which all the premiums are paid over a specified period after which no additional premiums are due to the policy in force.

The insurance policy is generally an integrated contract, meaning that it includes all forms associated with the agreement between the insured and insurer. [1]:10 In some cases, however, supplementary writings such as letters sent after the final agreement can make the insurance policy a non-integrated contract. [1]:11 One insurance textbook states that generally "courts consider all prior negotiations or agreements ... every contractual term in the policy at the time of delivery, as well as those written afterwards as policy riders and endorsements ... with both parties' consent, are part of written policy". [2] The textbook also states that the policy must refer to all papers which are part of the policy. [2] Oral agreements are subject to the parol evidence rule, and may not be considered part of the policy if the contract appears to be whole.

In the United States, property & casualty insurers typically use similar or even identical language in their standard insurance policies, which are drafted by advisory organizations such as the Insurance Services Office and the American Association of Insurance Services. [9] This reduces the regulatory burden for insurers as these forms must be approved by states and also allows consumers to more readily compare policies, albeit at the expense of consumer choice. [9] In addition, as these forms are reviewed by courts the interpretations become predictable.

In the 1940s, the insurance industry shifted to the current system where covered risks are initially defined broadly in an insuring agreement on a general policy form (e. g. , "We will pay all sums that the insured becomes legally obligated to pay as damages.. ". ), then narrowed down by subsequent exclusion clauses (e. g. , "This insurance does not apply to.. ". ).

In insurance, the insurance policy is a contract (generally a standard form contract) between the insurer and the insured, known as the policyholder, which determines the claims which the insurer is legally required to pay.

However, certain types of insurance, such as media insurance, are written as manuscript policies, which are either custom-drafted from scratch or written from a mix of standard and nonstandard forms. a b c Wollner KS. (1999).

Since insurance policies are standard forms, they feature boilerplate language which is similar across a wide variety of different types of insurance policies.

The uncertainty can be either as to when the event will happen (e. g. in a life insurance policy, the time of the insured's death is uncertain) or as to if it will happen at all (e. g. in a fire insurance policy, whether or not a fire will occur at all).

If the accident was the other driver's fault, and this fault is accepted by the third party's insurer, then the vehicle owner may be able to reclaim the excess payment from the other person's insurance company.

Within New Zealand, the Accident Compensation Corporation (ACC) provides nationwide no-fault personal injury insurance. [9] Injuries involving motor vehicles operating on public roads are covered by the Motor Vehicle Account, for which premiums are collected through levies on petrol and through vehicle licensing fees.

In New South Wales and the Northern Territory Compulsory Third Party Insurance (commonly known as CTP Insurance) is a mandatory requirement and each individual car must be insured or the vehicle will not be considered legal.

Vehicle insurance (also known as auto insurance, GAP insurance, car insurance, or motor insurance) is insurance purchased for cars, trucks, motorcycles, and other road vehicles.

In 1930, the UK government introduced a law that required every person who used a vehicle on the road to have at least third party personal injury insurance.

Since 1939, it has been compulsory to have third party personal insurance before keeping a motor vehicle in all federal states of Germany.

Third Party Property Insurance covers damage to someone else's property or vehicle, but not your own vehicle.

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Petroleum refining chemistry products engineering Thursday 2 Jan 2014

Petroleum is used mostly, by volume, for producing fuel oil and petrol, both important "primary energy" sources. [35] 84 percent by volume of the hydrocarbons present in petroleum is converted into energy-rich fuels (petroleum-based fuels), including petrol, diesel, jet, heating, and other fuel oils, and liquefied petroleum gas. [36] The lighter grades of crude oil produce the best yields of these products, but as the world's reserves of light and medium oil are depleted, oil refineries are increasingly having to process heavy oil and bitumen, and use more complex and expensive methods to produce the products required.

For other uses, see Petroleum (disambiguation). Petroleum (L. petroleum, from Greek: πέτρα (rock) + Latin: oleum (oil)[1][2][3]) is a naturally occurring, smelly, yellow-to-black liquid consisting of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights and other liquid organic compounds, that are found in geologic formations beneath the Earth's surface. [4] The name Petroleum covers both naturally occurring unprocessed crude oils and petroleum products that are made up of refined crude oil.

This comes after the studies of structural geology (at the reservoir scale), sedimentary basin analysis, reservoir characterization (mainly in terms of the porosity and permeability of geologic reservoir structures). [5][6] It is refined and separated, most easily by boiling point, into a large number of consumer products, from gasoline (petrol) and kerosene to asphalt and chemical reagents used to make plastics and pharmaceuticals. [7] Petroleum is used in manufacturing a wide variety of materials,[8] and it is estimated that the world consumes about 90 million barrels each day.

The International Energy Agency (IEA) said in 2010 that production of conventional crude oil had peaked in 2006 at 70 MBBL/d, then flattened at 68 or 69 thereafter. [95][96] Since virtually all economic sectors rely heavily on petroleum, peak oil, if it were to occur, could lead to a "partial or complete failure of markets".

Producing Nation 103bbl/d (2006) 103bbl/d (2007) 103bbl/d (2008) 103bbl/d (2009) Present Share 1 Saudi Arabia (OPEC) 10,665 10,234 10,782 9,760 11. 8% 2 Russia 1 9,677 9,876 9,789 9,934 12. 0% 3 United States 1 8,331 8,481 8,514 9,141 11. 1% 4 Iran (OPEC) 4,148 4,043 4,174 4,177 5. 1% 5 China 3,846 3,901 3,973 3,996 4. 8% 6 Canada 2 3,288 3,358 3,350 3,294 4. 0% 7 Mexico 1 3,707 3,501 3,185 3,001 3. 6% 8 United Arab Emirates (OPEC) 2,945 2,948 3,046 2,795 3. 4% 9 Kuwait (OPEC) 2,675 2,613 2,742 2,496 3. 0% 10 Venezuela (OPEC) 1 2,803 2,667 2,643 2,471 3. 0% 11 Norway 1 2,786 2,565 2,466 2,350 2. 8% 12 Brazil 2,166 2,279 2,401 2,577 3. 1% 13 Iraq (OPEC) 3 2,008 2,094 2,385 2,400 2. 9% 14 Algeria (OPEC) 2,122 2,173 2,179 2,126 2. 6% 15 Nigeria (OPEC) 2,443 2,352 2,169 2,211 2. 7% 16 Angola (OPEC) 1,435 1,769 2,014 1,948 2. 4% 17 Libya (OPEC) 1,809 1,845 1,875 1,789 2. 2% 18 United Kingdom 1,689 1,690 1,584 1,422 1. 7% 19 Kazakhstan 1,388 1,445 1,429 1,540 1. 9% 20 Qatar (OPEC) 1,141 1,136 1,207 1,213 1. 5% 21 Indonesia 1,102 1,044 1,051 1,023 1. 2% 22 India 854 881 884 877 1. 1% 23 Azerbaijan 648 850 875 1,012 1. 2% 24 Argentina 802 791 792 794 1. 0% 25 Oman 743 714 761 816 1. 0% 26 Malaysia 729 703 727 693 0. 8% 27 Egypt 667 664 631 678 0. 8% 28 Colombia 544 543 601 686 0. 8% 29 Australia 552 595 586 588 0. 7% 30 Ecuador (OPEC) 536 512 505 485 0. 6% 31 Sudan 380 466 480 486 0. 6% 32 Syria 449 446 426 400 0. 5% 33 Equatorial Guinea 386 400 359 346 0. 4% 34 Thailand 334 349 361 339 0. 4% 35 Vietnam 362 352 314 346 0. 4% 36 Yemen 377 361 300 287 0. 3% 37 Denmark 344 314 289 262 0. 3% 38 Gabon 237 244 248 242 0. 3% 39 South Africa 204 199 195 192 0. 2% 40 Turkmenistan No data 180 189 198 0. 2% 41 Trinidad and Tobago 181 179 176 174 0. 2 Although Canada's conventional oil production is declining, its total oil production is increasing as oil sands production grows.

The image below is a schematic flow diagram of a typical petroleum refinery that depicts the various refining processes and the flow of intermediate product streams that occurs between the inlet crude oil feedstock and the final end-products.

Petroleum refining processes are the chemical engineering processes and other facilities used in petroleum refineries (also referred to as oil refineries) to transform crude oil into useful products such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), gasoline or petrol, kerosene, jet fuel, diesel oil and fuel oils.

The fractions removed from the side of the distillation column at various points between the column top and bottom are called sidecuts. Each of the sidecuts (i. e. , the kerosene, light gas oil and heavy gas oil) is cooled by exchanging heat with the incoming crude oil. All of the fractions (i. e. , the overhead naphtha, the sidecuts and the bottom residue) are sent to intermediate storage tanks before being processed further.

Prior to World War II in the early 1940s, most petroleum refineries in the United States consisted simply of crude oil distillation units (often referred to as atmospheric crude oil distillation units).

Schematic flow diagram of a typical crude oil distillation unit as used in petroleum crude oil refineries.

Petroleum Chemistry (Neftekhimiya), founded in 1961, offers original papers on and reviews of theoretical and experimental studies concerned with current problems of petroleum chemistry and processing such as chemical composition of crude oils and natural gas liquids; petroleum refining (cracking, hydrocracking, and catalytic reforming); catalysts for petrochemical processes (hydrogenation, isomerization, oxidation, hydroformylation, etc. ); activation and catalytic transformation of hydrocarbons and other components of petroleum, natural gas, and other complex organic mixtures; new petrochemicals including lubricants and additives; environmental problems; and information on scientific meetings relevant to these areas.

Petroleum Chemistry publishes articles on these topics from members of the scientific community of the former Soviet Union. E. Kh. Fatiyants, V. V. Berezkin, G. G. E. P. Ageev, N. L. Strusovskaya, N. N. N. V. Potvorova, P. V. Vakuliuk, I. M. Furtat, A. F.

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According to the composition of the crude oil and depending on the demands of the market, refineries can produce different shares of petroleum products.

Petroleum products are useful materials derived from crude oil (petroleum) as it is processed in oil refineries.

Over 6000 items are made from petroleum waste by-products including: Fertilizer, Linoleum, Perfume, Insecticide, Petroleum Jelly, Soap, Vitamin Capsules. Walther W. Irion, Otto S.

Unlike petrochemicals, which are a collection of well-defined usually pure chemical compounds, petroleum products are complex mixtures.

Carbon, in the form of petroleum coke, and hydrogen may also be produced as petroleum products.

Petroleum engineering requires a good knowledge of many other related disciplines, such as geophysics, petroleum geology, formation evaluation (well logging), drilling, economics, reservoir simulation, reservoir engineering, well engineering, artificial lift systems, completions and oil and gas facilities engineering.

In a June 4th, 2007 article, Forbes. com reported that petroleum engineering was the 24th best paying job in the United States. [2] The 2010 National Association of Colleges and Employers survey showed petroleum engineers as the highest paid 2010 graduates at an average $125,220 annual salary. [3] For individuals with experience, salaries can go from $170,000 to $260,000 annually.

Petroleum geology and geophysics focus on provision of a static description of the hydrocarbon reservoir rock, while petroleum engineering focuses on estimation of the recoverable volume of this resource using a detailed understanding of the physical behavior of oil, water and gas within porous rock at very high pressure.

The combined efforts of geologists and petroleum engineers throughout the life of a hydrocarbon accumulation determine the way in which a reservoir is developed and depleted, and usually they have the highest impact on field economics.

Exploration, by earth scientists, and petroleum engineering are the oil and gas industry's two main subsurface disciplines, which focus on maximizing economic recovery of hydrocarbons from subsurface reservoirs.

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FOREX Trading News Easy Bank Factory Rates Market Thursday 2 Jan 2014

Behind the scenes banks turn to a smaller number of financial firms known as “dealers,” who are actively involved in large quantities of foreign exchange trading.   Most foreign exchange dealers are banks, so this behind-the-scenes market is sometimes called the “interbank market”, although a few insurance companies and other kinds of financial firms are involved.  Trades between foreign exchange dealers can be very large, involving hundreds of millions of dollars. [citation needed] Because of the sovereignty issue when involving two currencies, Forex has little (if any) supervisory entity regulating its actions.

During 1961–62 the amount of foreign operations by the U. S. of America's Federal Reserve was relatively low. [34][35] Those involved in controlling exchange rates found the boundaries of the Agreement were not realistic and so ceased this in March 1973, when sometime afterward none of the major currencies were maintained with a capacity for conversion to gold, organisations relied instead on reserves of currency. [36][37] During 1970 to 1973 the amount of trades occurring in the market increased three-fold. [38][39][40] At some time (according to Gandolfo during February–March 1973) some of the markets' were "split", so a two tier currency market was subsequently introduced, with dual currency rates.

According to Galati and Melvin, “Pension funds, insurance companies, mutual funds, and other institutional investors have played an increasingly important role in financial markets in general, and in FX markets in particular, since the early 2000s. ” (2004) In addition, he notes, “Hedge funds have grown markedly over the 2001–2004 period in terms of both number and overall size”. [65] Central banks also participate in the foreign exchange market to align currencies to their economic needs.

In fact 1973 marks the point to which nation-state, banking trade and controlled foreign exchange ended and complete floating, relatively free conditions of a market characteristic of the situation in contemporary times began (according to one source),[51] although another states the first time a currency pair were given as an option for U. S. A. traders to purchase was during 1982, with additional currencies available by the next year.

During the fifteenth century the Medici family were required to open banks at foreign locations in order to exchange currencies to act for textile merchants. [11][12] To facilitate trade the bank created the nostro (from Italian translated – "ours") account book which contained two columned entries showing amounts of foreign and local currencies, information pertaining to the keeping of an account with a foreign bank. [13][14][15][16] During the 17th (or 18th ) century Amsterdam maintained an active forex market. [17] During 1704 foreign exchange took place between agents acting in the interests of the nations of England and Holland.

The modern foreign exchange market began forming during the 1970s after three decades of government restrictions on foreign exchange transactions (the Bretton Woods system of monetary management established the rules for commercial and financial relations among the world's major industrial states after World War II), when countries gradually switched to floating exchange rates from the previous exchange rate regime, which remained fixed as per the Bretton Woods system.

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ForexNews. com - FX News and Analysis, Live Currency Rates and More! By Kathy Lien, The U. S. dollar is trading higher against all of the major currencies this morning and kicking 2014 off with a bang.

The 20 period SMA close could help in offer support but it ultimately may be the 1. By Kathy Lien, The U. S. dollar is trading higher against all of the major currencies this morning and kicking 2014 off with a bang.

You should obtain individual financial advice based on your own particular circumstances before making an investment decision on the basis of information on this website.

EUR/USD Support Play: Long and Short Term Trigger The EUR/USD has entered a daily swing buy zone but this could be an uncomfortable entry to take on weakness.

The publications herein do not take into account the investment objectives, financial situation or particular needs of any particular person.

Unfortunately the sell-off in stocks is a reflection of nervousness at the start of the year.

Risk Warning : Forex, Commodities, Options and CFDs (OTC Trading) are leveraged products that carry a substantial risk of loss up to your invested capital and may not be suitable for everyone.

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Date 12:56pm Currency Impact   Detail Actual Forecast Previous Graph ThuJan 2 12:30am AUD Commodity Prices y/y -4. 0% -2. 8% All Day CHF Bank Holiday 3:15am EUR Spanish Manufacturing PMI 50. 8 49. 9 48. 6 3:45am EUR Italian Manufacturing PMI 53. 3 51. 8 51. 4 4:00am EUR Final Manufacturing PMI 52. 7 52. 7 52. 7 4:30am GBP Manufacturing PMI 57. 3 58. 3 58. 1 8:30am USD Unemployment Claims 339K 334K 341K 9:00am USD Final Manufacturing PMI 55. 0 54. 4 54. 4 10:00am USD ISM Manufacturing PMI 57. 0 56. 8 57. 3 USD Construction Spending m/m 1. 0% 0. 7% 0. 9% USD ISM Manufacturing Prices 53. 5 53. 0 52. 5 All Day JPY Bank Holiday  8:00pm CNY Non-Manufacturing PMI 56. ©2013 Forex Factory, Inc.

Sponsored by Forex Trading involves significant risk of loss. USDGBPCADEURAUD 10. 608371. 064090. 731711. 121661. 6437311. 749071. 202731. 843700. 939770. 5717310. 687641. 054101. 366660. 831441. 4542511. 532920. 891540. 542390. 948680.

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